Martha Farah (Neuroscientist, UPenn) argues that "neuroscience will pose a far more fundamental challenge than evolutionary biology to many religions."
"Most religions endorse the idea of a soul (or spirit) that is distinct from the physical body ... However, as neuroscience begins to reveal the mechanisms underlying personality, love, morality, and spirituality, the idea of a ghost in the machine becomes strained. Brain imaging indicates that all of these traits have physical correlates in brain function. Furthermore, pharmacologic influences on these traits, as well as the effects of localized stimulation or damage, demonstrate that the brain processes in question are not mere correlates but are the physical bases of these central aspects of our personhood. If these aspects of the person are all features of the machine, why have a ghost at all?"
In general I find arguments like this one, which pit science against religion are almost always based on a false premise. That is to say, just because religion is based on faith that it somehow can't also be supported by science. In this instance they attempt to prove that the soul (as the Bible describes it) doesn't exist since it can be explained biologically.
Just because the experience of spirituality can be neurally located doesn't mean than nothing is being experienced spiritualy. In addition, the fact that an MRI can detect "hot spots" in the brain is correlation information only, and in no way describes the root cause of perception. Studies like this only show associations between brain activity and conscious states. Besides, when it comes to the soul, the Bible does not describe any concepts (in my opinion) that can be directly contradicted by neuroscience (so far).
That being said, there are some problems with my interpretation of the soul/body association. For example, brain injury provides pretty strong evidence that particular brain areas are vital in order for specific conscious states to exist (e.g. use of language). So does this mean that someone who's brain can no longer produce "hot spots", is somehow unable to connect with that particular spiritual state?
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